| Hoogendijk E, et al., 2016 | 24-month stepped wedge cluster RCT (analyzed differences between allocation groups at baseline and at every six months) | 1147 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥ 65 years (456 in group 1, 227 in group 2, 238 in group 3, and 226 in group 4) | To evaluate the impact of the Geriatric Care Model (GCM) on quality of life and several other patient outcomes | Amsterdam and West-Driesland, The Netherlands | Group 1: 6 months after initiation of GCM intervention and usual care (baseline) Group 2: 12 months after initiation of GCM intervention and usual care (baseline and 6 months) Group 3: 18 months after initiation of GCM intervention and usual care (baseline, 6 and 12 months) Group 4: 24 months after initiation of GCM intervention and usual care (baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months) | “Primary outcome” No significant differences between the GCM and usual care groups in SF-12. “Secondary outcomes” Significant intervention effect on IADL limitations in patients who received the intervention for 18 months (B = −0.25, 95% CI = −0.43 to −0.06, P = 0.007). However, this effect was not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons No significant intervention effects on EuroQoL, ADL limitations, psychological well-being, self-rated health, and social functioning No significant effects on total and acute hospital admissions | |
| Looman W, et al., 2016 | Quasi- experimental study (analyzed differences at baseline and at 3- and 12-month follow-up) | 503 frail older participants aged ≥75 years (254 in the experimental group and 249 in the control group) | To explore the effectiveness of the Walcheren Integrated Care Model (WICM) by evaluating the effects on health outcomes (experimental health, mental health, social functioning), functional abilities, and quality of life (general, health-related, and well-being) in community-dwelling frail older people | Rotterdam, The Netherlands | WICM implemented group and usual care group | Moderate significant effect on quality of life after 12 months (95% CI= −0.15 to 5.63, p < 0.10) No effects on health related quality of life or well-being, although WICM impacted one dimension of well-being; the ability to receive love and friendship (95% CI = 0.14 to 0.36, p < 0.001). No significant differences between the groups in terms of experienced health, mental health, and social functioning | |
| Ruikes F, et al., 2016 | Two-arm cluster non-RCT (analyzed differences at baseline and at 12-month follow-up) | 536 community-dwelling frail elderly people aged ≥ 70 years (287 in the intervention group and 249 in the control group) | To evaluate the effectiveness of a general practitioner-led extensive, multicomponent program (CareWell primary care program) integrating cure, care, and welfare for the prevention of functional decline | Nijmegen, The Netherlands | CareWell Primary Care implemented group and usual care group | “Primary outcome” No significant differences between groups in independence in functioning during activities of daily living “Secondary outcomes” No significant differences between groups in quality of life, institutionalization, hospitalization, and mortality | |