Job demand definition or perspective

Authors and years

The extent to which working environment contains stimuli that need extra effort to achieve work goals leading to negative consequences

Peeters et al. (2005); Cho et al. (2014); Hayes et al. (2012); Lu, et al. (2012); McVicar (2003)

The aspects of job that require continued effort leading to significant costs

Beutell (2010)

Psychological (emotional), quantitative (workload), and work shift demands

Al-Homyan et al. (2013)

Physical (work overload), psycho-emotional (continuous contact with suffering and death), social (interacting with co-workers) or organizational (job complexity) aspects of the job that require continuous efforts and are associated with certain physiological and psychological costs

Demerouti et al. (2001); Lee & Akhtar (2011)

Quantitative demands, emotional demands and work pace

Cho et al. (2014)

Workload, physical demands and patient demands

Demerouti et al. (2009)

Role conflict, role ambiguity, workload, work-home conflict, shift work attitude, patient care demand, perception of organizational politics, job complexity, and physical environment

Kar and Suar (2014)