R =

Discretization method

Preserves Hamiltonian structure?

[ I + h A ]

forward Euler

No

[ I h A ] 1

backward Euler

No

[ I 1 2 h A ] 1 [ I + 1 2 h A ]

Tustin

Yes

e A h

Pole zero matching

Yes

Φ ( k + 1 , k ) = e A h

Zero-order hold

Yes