1

Fixed effect (Less than 0.86 km)

Fixed effect (beyond 14.23)

log of per capita consumption

log of the distance to the road

−0.055**

−0.161**

(0.023)

(0.0737)

log of the household’s head age

−0.016

0.224*

(0.131)

(0.132)

households’ member labor supply dummy

0.015

0.010

(0.037)

(0.055)

households’ other source of income dummy

0.177*

0.311**

(0.103)

(0.138)

households’ head sex dummy

0.173

−0.296**

(0.232)

(0.125)

households’ head marital status dummy

−0.024

0.054

(0.074)

(0.062)

households’ area of residence dummy

−0.115

(0.153)

log of the households’ head level of education

0.069

0.053

(0.059)

(0.037)

log of the households’ size

−0.452***

−0.377***

(0.047)

(0.061)

Constant

11.99***

11.49***

(0.563)

(0.557)

Observations

896

636

R-squared

0.224

0.132

Number of HHID

448

318

Household FE

YES

YES