(1)

(2)

(3)¹

(4)

Pooled regression

Fixed

Fixed effect for

Fixed effect for

Effect

1^st quartile (less than 0.86 km)

4^th quartile (beyond 14.23 km)

log of consumption per capita

log of distance to the road

−0.034***

−0.011***

−0.016*

0.005

(0.008)

(0.003)

(0.009)

(0.017)

log of household head age

−0.0585*

0.068*

0.031

0.102

(0.035)

(0.039)

(0.066)

(0.069)

households’ member labor supply dummy

−0.005

0.041***

0.053**

0.019

(0.023)

(0.015)

(0.025)

(0.026)

households’ other source of income dummy

0.285***

0.072**

0.111**

0.084

(0.045)

(0.035)

(0.053)

(0.073)

households’ head sex dummy

0.102***

0.051

0.000

0.014

(0.038)

(0.068)

(0.109)

(0.102)

households’ heads marital status

0.001

−0.043

−0.001

−0.101**

(0.032)

(0.026)

(0.050)

(0.047)

households’ area of residence

0.337***

−0.293***

−0.296

(0.035)

(0.113)

(0.180)

log of households’ head level of education

0.317***

0.062***

0.109***

0.039*

(0.035)

(0.015)

(0.031)

(0.021)

log of households’ size

−0.529***

−0.467***

−0.488***

−0.371***

(0.019)

(0.017)

(0.026)

(0.029)

Constant

11.28***

11.77***

12.01***

11.33***

(0.164)

(0.168)

(0.297)

(0.276)

Observations

6990

6990

2680

2396

R-squared

0.404

0.226

0.239

0.161

Number of HHID

3495

1340

1198

Household FE

YES

YES

YES