Authors

Theory

Key Idea

Evans (1984, 1989)

Heuristic-Analytic Theory

Heuristic and analytic processes.

Bias only in heuristic phase.

Evans & Over (1996)

Dual Process Theory

Interaction between processes 1 and 2 in the development of human thinking.

Sloman (1996)

Parallel-Competitive Processing Model

Two reasoning processes operate at the same time and in direct competition with one another.

Parallel activation of two types of intuitive responses: heuristic and logical answers.

Evans (2003, 2010)

Two Minds Theory

Two minds in one brain.

Old intuitive mind, new reflective mind.

Verschueren, Schaeken, & d’Ydewalle (2005)

Dual-Strategy Model

Subjects can activate a fast statistical strategy, accepting probable conclusions, that can be replaced in some circumstances, by a slower counterexample strategy (a conclusion is rejected if a counterexample is found).

Evans (2006)

Heuristic-Analytic Theory-Revised

Heuristic and analytic processes.

Both processes can lead to bias.

Evans (2007b) ; Evans & Stanovich (2013)

Default Interventionist Model

One process is the default but can be overridden by a second process. Type 1 processes produce intuitive heuristic answer. After this, only sometimes might be followed by a deliberative slow Type 2 processes. Both of them can lead to bias. Subject as a cognitive miser who try to minimize cognitive effort (degree of use of mental resources).

Thompson (2009) ; Thompson, Prowse Turner, & Pennycook (2011)

Dual Process Theory-Metacognitive Perspective

Metacognitive feelings (FOR).

Two response paradigm.

Stanovich (2009, 2012)

Tri-Process Theory

Processes: Autonomous (TASS). Reflective (thinking dispositions). Algorithmic (cognitive capacity)

Pennycook, Fugelsang, & Koehler (2015a) ; Pennycook (2018a)

Three-Stage Dual Process Model

Multiple type 1 processes may be cued by a stimulus (stage 1), leading for potential conflict detection (stage 2). If successful, conflict detection leads to Type 2 processing (stage 3).

Type 1-Intuitive. Type 2: Functions: rationalization and cognitive decoupling.

Bago & De Neys (2017, 2020) ; De Neys (2012, 2018) ; De Neys & Pennycook (2019)

Logic-Intuition Model

Multiple Type 1 processes can provide intuitive cues.

Intuitive reasoning is determined by the absolute and relative strength of competing intuitions (heuristic and logical intuition).

“Bias blind spot”: biased people don’t realize that their system 1 answer is logically questionable. They think that others commit biases, but not them.

Evans (2019)

Default Interventionist Model-Revised

The degree of effort is modulated by different factors (motivational, situational or cognitive resources).

Emphasis on investigating complex intuitive processing and multiple Type 2 systems of thought