Authors | Version | Results-Explanation |
| DRUG Problem | Facilitation: when the problem is phrased in such a way as to make the structure of the task very clear and explicit. Problem representation is key in problem solving. |
| GASTRONOMIC Problem | The realism of the task improves performance on the problem when the realistic material cues in the correct answer from memory. Memory cuing explanation. |
| HALF-SISTER Problem | Realistic content is not sufficient to induce correct answer. Express the exclusive relation through a familiar and known concept (half-sister) improve performance. |
| MIB-THOG Problem SPY Problem PUB Problem | The generation of the hypotheses is not in itself sufficient to solve the problem. A plausible context for separating the levels (data and hypotheses) can produce facilitation, even with the abstract original content. Confusion Theory. |
| TRUMP Problem ONE-OTHER THOG Problem BLACKBOARD Problem | Facilitation: when the version separates positive instance from the hypotheses and when subjects are required to generate hypotheses. |
| PUB Problem—reply | Facilitation: separation positive instance from hypotheses and experimental instructions. |
| SARS Problem | Sources of error: non-consequential reasoning and confusion theory. |
| PYTHAGORAS Problem | Narrative thematic versions are easier to solve than the classic version. Analogical transfer: participants may have abstracted the solution principle from the Pythagoras problem to the THOG problem. |
| THOG Problem SARS Problem - Reply | Key of facilitation: attentional factors (via experimental instructions). |
| THOG Problem DRUG Problem | Performance is modulated by individual differences |
| THOG Problem “modified” | Correct performance increased reducing cognitive complexity of the task and the possibility of non-consequential thinking. |
| THOG Problem DRUG Problem PUB Problem SPIES Problem REPRIEVE Problem | Better performance with thematic content than with abstract content. Better performance with one-other instructions than with standard instructions. Individual differences. |
| THOG Problem ONE-OTHER THOG Problem DRUG & PUB Problems | Keys: Individual differences in flexibility and cognitive abilities. |
| PYTHAGORAS, BLACKBOARD & SARS Problems | Performance with the THOG problem is explained by the dual process theory. |
| THOG Problem “modified” | Subjects rely on visual symmetry when solving the THOG problem. |