N.

Adaptation strategies

Characteristics

1.

Farm Management and Technology (FMT)

FMT includes adjustments in land use and livelihood strategies that go beyond the usual agricultural practices available for coping with constantly varying biophysical and socioeconomic conditions.

2.

Farm Financial Management (FFM)

FFM encompasses “farm-level responses using farm income strategies (both government supported and private) to reduce the risk of climate related income loss” [61] as cited in [60] .

3.

Diversification on and Beyond the Farm (DBF)

DBF comprises both nonagricultural livelihood strategies that are carried out on the farm, such as the sale of non-timber forest products, and activities deployed by farm families beyond the farm, such as petty trade or seasonal migration, etc.

4.

Government interventions in rural infrastructure, the rural health care services, and risk reduction for the rural population (GIRRD)

GIRRD refers to all the institutional responses to the risks associated with climate change. It primarily addresses issues involving infrastructure, health and public employment, and welfare programs. This category of strategy has the potential to strongly influence farmers’ risk management strategies.

5.

Knowledge Management, Networks, and Governance (KMNG)

KMNG consists of both macro-level practices such as all sorts of practical trainings for farmers and agricultural extension officers, and such micro-level practices as the use of decision support systems and weather forecasts, wild plants and animals as bellwethers of ecosystem variability or change, and generally increased experimentation by farmers and other stakeholders.