dimension (math.)

element

academia

five-dimensional

(22 items)

Strict requirements for work, but can be flexible; maintain control of decision-making strategy, while allowing employees to enjoy a high degree of autonomy; treat subordinates equally, but allow individuality to be reflected; maintain both distant and close relationships with employees; adhere to the self-centred and other-centred organic integration

Zhang et al. (2015)

two-dimensional

(12 items)

Performance, support

Jansen et al. (2016) , Kauppila and Tempelaar (2016), Dynasty Hui (2018)

four-dimensional

(20 items)

Maintaining organizational stability and flexibility, focusing on shareholders and the interests of all

Off subjects, compliance and shaping collective forces in the environment,

Maintaining short-term efficiency and long-term development

Zhang and Han (2019)