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Cronbach α

C.R.

AVE

perceived social presence

There is a sense of human contact on this online shop

0.667***

0.792

0.795

0.495

There is a sense of intimacy on this online shop

0.649***

There is a sense of sociability on this online shop

0.805***

There is a sense of human warmth on this online shop

0.682***

cross-side network effect

This online retail platform has a large number of business users

0.689***

0.734

0.749

0.504

The merchants of this online retail platform are friendly and easy to communicate

0.827***

The merchants of this online retail platform can meet my needs

0.594***

same-side network effect

This online retail platform has more active consumers

0.666***

0.823

0.828

0.619

More orders from consumers on this this online retail platform

0.806***

This online retail platform will have more consumers in the future

0.874***

cross-channel free riding

Did you gather information in a store before the purchase in the online shop?

0.823***

0.740

0.751

0.528

Did you gather information in the store of the retailer and then chose to buy in online shop?

0.700***