| Objective | Target | Risk/event source | Methodology | Remedies/comment |
| Deep excavation assuring protected environment | 1) Controlling foundation pit deformation; 2) Limiting ground movement (sudden ground loss or subsidence) | Geotechnical conditions | Spatial geo-material variation & uncertainties (different site conditions) | Inverse analysis based on observations during excavation to confirm actual & design assumption; Enhance soil strength by grouting; Turn to appropriate construction method to suit unanticipated condition |
| Leakage & hydraulic failures | End-plate method connection for diaphragm wall joints; With relief wells release confined aquifer pressure; Waterproof curtain by mixed-in-place technology; Prevent uplifting by hybrid of jet grouting & deep soil mixing | |||
| Global and/or localized soil and excavation support structure failure | Zoned construction method (quick excavation, prompt propping, casting rigid floor slab timely); Provide sufficient wall embedment & adequate passive resistance (including stiffness of retaining wall-strut system, soil/anchor length with soil voids filled by grout); Increase unlading moduli of basal stratum with ground improvements | |||
| Selection of proper constitutive model (model simplification and omissions) | Consider optimum compromise to account for path- and state-dependent soil properties; Insufficient level of detailing and design accuracy | |||
| Surrounding existing condition | Structural and geotechnical failure of existing piles | Construction of isolation/barrier piles to reduce imposed external passive loading (bending moment and forces) on piles | ||
| Abrupt loss of foundation bearing capacity | Avoid over-excavation to prevent toppling; Compensation grouting | |||
| Tensile strains induced in a building | Component and system fragility assessment for limiting tensile strain (reliability analysis approach) | |||
| Differential foundation settlement; movement and rotation at pile head | Renovation, backfilling and underpinning to limit distortions in the sagging and hogging zones | |||
| Project-delivery system | Uncertainties in performance measurements as required by the contract | Risk transfer through negotiated exception clauses included in the bid or through claims | ||
| Amount of risk willingly taken by the owner | The traditional design-bid-build is ineffective in minimizing adversarial relationships | |||
| Poor on-site management & communication | Continues performance & productivity monitoring with 4-eye principle; Turn to Design-Build or Construction-Management at work mode of project delivery | |||
| Political and financial related | Change of related-low and regulations; Price escalations, payment delays, etc. |