| [49] | Numerical inverse analysis | A shift from temporary to permanent support system, over-excavation (design depth increment), stress–strain behavior |
Construction method | [50] | Divided-pit construction (FEM implemented) | Irregular excavation geometry and depth, displacement of adjacent conserved buildings (relative location from the pit), effects of buildings on excavation process (pit deformation due to buildings) |
[51] [52] | Zoned and staged construction, Channel-type top-down method of excavation | Construction cost and schedule, excavation support deformation, hauling distance, safe operation of adjacent railway (allowable displacement of the rail tracks) | |
[53] | Dividing alternate excavation method (strip excavation plus several dividing walls) | Time-space effect and stiffness of tunnel, tunnel deformation, construction period | |
[54] | Case histories from bottom-up construction technique | Foundation pit deformation, quick excavation, promptly propping, timely casting of floor slabs, segmented construction, excavation stage | |
[55] | Top-down technique and inverse numerical analysis | Displacements of existing buildings, retaining wall deformations, hydraulic uplift failure mechanisms, wall installation effect | |
[56] | Both top-down and bottom-up construction method with bipartition walls | Oversized excavation, time-space-effect on both deflection of diaphragm wall and deformation of partition walls | |
[57] | Zoned excavation and instrumented observation | Wall deflection, ground settlement, corner effect, construction sequence, performance of adjacent metro line | |
[58] | Bottom-up construction method with zoned construction | Lateral wall displacement, adjacent utility tunnel movement, stage and sequence of construction, construction schedule, groundwater dewatering, basal ground treatment | |
Interaction with the surrounding environment | [59] | Numerical | Excavation zone of influence, building settlement |
[60] | Numerical | Frame action with inclusion of building stiffness, limiting tensile strain | |
[61] | Numerical | Stages of construction, deformation of excavation, strains of adjacent buildings | |
[62] | Analytical | Excavation induced axial pile deformation, vertical soil displacement, load transfer mechanism | |
[63] | Analytical | Tunnel deformation | |
[41] [64] [65] [66] | Numerical | Effect of depth of excavation, supporting system stiffness, pile dimensions, pile head condition, working load, soil properties, location from excavation | |
[67] | Numerical | Isolation piles and jet-grouted piles, displacement of retaining wall | |
[68] | Numerical | Building deformations and settlement due to excavation, distance to excavation, type of building’s foundation | |
[69] | Numerical | 3D structural distortion based on soil-structure interaction, damage due to differential displacement |