Material

Constitutive Parameter

Value

Determined from

Steel

Density, ρ

7930 kg/m3

Material test

Young modulus, E

200 GPa

[11]

Poisson’s ratio, ν

0.3

[11]

Yield Strength, σy

348 MPa

Material test

Soil

Density, ρ

2300 kg/m3

Material test

Cohesion, C

13 kPa

Material test and via system test calibrationa

Peak friction angle,

45˚

Material test and via system test calibrationa

Critical friction angle,

15˚

[21] and via system test calibrationa

Shear modulus, G

50 MPa

[22] and via system test calibrationa

Poisson’s ratio, ν

0.25

[23]

Density, ρ

2300 kg/m3

Material test

Cohesion, C

500 kPa

Material test

Friction angle, f'

35˚

[24]

Asphalt

Shear modulus, G

50 MPa

Via system test calibrationa

Poisson’s ratio, ν

0.35

[25]

Maximum principal stress, σmax

680 kPa

Maximum principal strain, εmax

0.07

Via system test calibrationa