| Variables | OLS | FE | FE | FE |
| (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| lnresidence | 0.100*** (0.030) | 0.151*** (0.031) | 0.100*** (0.030) | 0.100*** (0.028) |
| lnpgdp | 0.607*** (0.047) |
| 0.607*** (0.047) | 0.607*** (0.051) |
| urban | 0.008*** (0.001) |
| 0.008*** (0.001) | 0.008*** (0.001) |
| unemploy | 0.009** (0.006) |
| 0.009** (0.006) | 0.009** (0.007) |
| sex | −0.026 (0.061) |
| −0.026 (0.061) | −0.026 (0.023) |
| lnpden | 0.341*** (0.031) |
| 0.341*** (0.031) | 0.341*** (0.033) |
| pteacher | −0.931*** (0.226) |
| −0.931*** (0.226) | −0.931*** (0.292) |
| constant | −3.669*** (0.463) | 0.113 (0.233) | −3.669*** (0.463) | −3.669*** (0.438) |
| yr_dum | Control | Control | Control | Control |
| N | 924 | 924 | 924 | 924 |
| R2 | 0.500 | 0.206 | 0.500 | 0.500 |