| Variables | OLS | FE | FE | FE |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| lnresidence | 0.130*** (0.033) | 0.188*** (0.036) | 0.130*** (0.033) | 0.130*** (0.033) |
| lnpgdp | 0.681*** (0.054) |
| 0.681*** (0.054) | 0.681*** (0.060) |
| urban | 0.011*** (0.001) |
| 0.011*** (0.001) | 0.011*** (0.001) |
| unemploy | 0.015** (0.007) |
| 0.015** (0.007) | 0.015** (0.008) |
| sex | −0.010 (0.070) |
| −0.010 (0.070) | −0.010 (0.023) |
| lnpden | 0.387*** (0.034) |
| 0.387*** (0.034) | 0.387*** (0.037) |
| pteacher | −1.253*** (0.256) |
| −1.253*** (0.256) | −1.253*** (0.348) |
| constant | −4.274*** (0.524) | −0.023 (0.275) | −4.274*** (0.524) | −4.274*** (0.521) |
| yr_dum | Control | Control | Control | Control |
| N | 944 | 944 | 944 | 944 |
| R2 | 0.514 | 0.210 | 0.514 | 0.514 |