| Theme | Subtheme | Sample Findings | References |
| Behavior change | Improved interaction | -Behavioral CQ methods help English language learners adapt their conversation, gestures, and expressions to English-speaking culture. | |
| Active engagement | -Behavior change encourages consistent practice, active participation, and self-regulation, improving fluency and language retention. -Promotes setting achievable goals and tracking progress, fostering motivation and a sense of accomplishment. | | |
| Interest in learning | Curiosity and enthusiasm | -Motivational CQ strategies can positively impact language learning by fostering curiosity and enthusiasm for the English language and its associated cultures. | |
| Interest | Fosters a genuine interest in learning English, leading to sustained effort and greater engagement. | | |
| Problem-solving | Critical thinking | -Cognitive CQ strategies can enhance language learning by promoting critical thinking, problem-solving, and adaptability. -Learners can better navigate the complexities of English language use and understand idiomatic expressions. | |
| Analysis and synthesis | -Encourages learners to break down complex concepts, identify patterns, and build connections between different aspects of the language. | | |
| Reflection on learning |
| -Metacognitive CQ strategies encourage learners to reflect on their language learning process, identify challenges, and adjust their approach based on cultural insights. -This can lead to more effective language acquisition and improved communication. | |
| Diverse culture context |
| -Cultural knowledge CQ strategies contribute to language learning by giving learners a deeper understanding of the cultural contexts in which English is used. -This knowledge facilitates more accurate and culturally appropriate language use, helping learners avoid misunderstandings and communicate more effectively. | |