Criterion | Inclusion | Exclusion |
Topic | Discuss CQ in English language teaching, learning, and assessment | It does not include cultural competence or intelligence |
Type | Peer reviews, primary studies, academic journals | Books, book reviews, internet, magazines, blogs, periodicals |
Period | Articles published between 2020 and January 2024 | Articles published before the year 2020 and below |
Language | Articles and journals published in English language only | Articles published in non-English language |
Region | Focused on EFL students and/or teachers in Saudi or colleges and universities in the Middle East region. | Focused on EFL/ESL settings in countries outside the Middle East, GCC, or non-Arabic regions |