Criterion

Inclusion

Exclusion

Topic

Discuss CQ in English language teaching, learning, and assessment

It does not include cultural competence or intelligence

Type

Peer reviews, primary studies, academic journals

Books, book reviews, internet, magazines, blogs, periodicals

Period

Articles published between 2020 and January 2024

Articles published before the year 2020 and below

Language

Articles and journals published in English language only

Articles published in non-English language

Region

Focused on EFL students and/or teachers in Saudi or colleges and universities in the Middle East region.

Focused on EFL/ESL settings in countries outside the Middle East, GCC, or non-Arabic regions