Perspective

Challenges

Source

Social

· Safety, fairness, social equality.

(Kumar et al., 2021)

· Public acceptance and trust.

(Alsheibani et al., 2019)

· Privacy, transparency, and ethical use.

(Boada et al., 2021; Char et al., 2018; Davenport & Kalakota, 2019)

· liability and legal accountability.

(Ahmad et al., 2020)

Technology

· Technical integration, IT infrastructure, and lack of compatible systems.

(Nguyen Van, 2022; Petersson et al., 2022)

· Quality and functionality of AI systems.

(Solaimani & Swaak, 2023)

· AI systems ownership and privatization.

(Racine et al., 2019)

· Data quality, management, and usability.

(Firouzi et al., 2022)

Organization

· Organization structure, size, culture, and management support.

(Secinaro et al., 2021)

· Resistance to change and leadership roles.

(Reddy et al., 2020; Weinert et al., 2022)

· Health professional adoptions, required training programs, and fear of replacement.

(Fan et al., 2020; Sezgin, 2023)

· Patient awareness and AI explainability.

(Shahsavar & Choudhury, 2023)

Regulatory

· AI regulations rapid change, uncertainty, and lack of clarity.

(Brecker et al., 2023; Cohen et al., 2020)

· Approval process time and complexity.

(Verma et al., 2020)

· Compliance cost, resources, and expertise requirements.

(Hoffmann-Riem, 2020)

· lack of consensus among international regulatory bodies.

(Lekadir et al., 2023)

Economic

· Limited financial resources.

(Morris et al., 2023; Owoyemi et al., 2020)

· Unclear Return on Investment (ROI).

(Wolff et al., 2020)

· High development and maintenance costs.

(Alnasser, 2023)

· Reimbursement for AI based services.

(Alami et al., 2020)