Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | |||||||||
No GCO | Yes GCO | p-value§ | No GCO | Yes GCO | p-value§ | No GCO | Yes GCO | p-value§ | No GCO | Yes GCO | p-value§ | |
Auditor gender* | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.4849 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.4912 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.2440 | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.3093 |
Auditor quality grade | 2.25 | 3.00 | 0.1642 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 0.0660 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 0.2511 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 0.3543 |
Auditor tier* | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.2507 | 0.39 | 0.27 | 0.1665 | 0.29 | 0.43 | 0.1025 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.0923 |
Legal entity* | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.4379 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.3628 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.1856 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.2194 |
Working type* | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.3853 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.2310 | 0.56 | 0.70 | 0.1185 | 0.54 | 0.77 | 0.0261 |
Number of engagements annually | 179.5 | 145.0 | 0.2702 | 212.0 | 130.0 | 0.1376 | 118.0 | 150.0 | 0.3836 | 108.0 | 150.0 | 0.2786 |
Number of hours on engagements | 754.0 | 800.0 | 0.3262 | 1003.0 | 642.0 | 0.1376 | 804.0 | 760.0 | 0.3066 | 465.0 | 805.0 | 0.0604 |
Number of hours per engagement | 3.25 | 3.80 | 0.3262 | 3.70 | 3.60 | 0.4801 | 3.45 | 3.60 | 0.3824 | 3.40 | 4.40 | 0.0059 |
Auditor age | 62.00 | 61.00 | 0.3386 | 60.00 | 59.00 | 0.4092 | 60.00 | 58.00 | 0.2483 | 60.00 | 58.00 | 0.2249 |
Years after auditor exam | 25.00 | 23.00 | 0.1859 | 21.50 | 21.00 | 0.4332 | 25.00 | 24.00 | 0.4272 | 24.00 | 24.00 | 0.4442 |
Taxable salary (annual) | 28,517 | 58,011 | 0.0663 | 40,137 | 48,882 | 0.0651 | 45,238 | 52,948 | 0.1058 | 51,555 | 44,303 | 0.1903 |
Capital gain (annual) | 2248 | 2071 | 0.4696 | 0 | 2476 | 0.0651 | 1591 | 1782 | 0.4447 | 612 | 541 | 0.3529 |
Total salary (annual) | 41,806 | 66,610 | 0.0663 | 42,051 | 55,000 | 0.0651 | 46,832 | 62,770 | 0.0422 | 53,603 | 52,820 | 0.4583 |
Number of hours on audit courses | 24.50 | 10.00 | 0.1292 | 6.50 | 0.00 | 0.4803 | 0.00 | 7.00 | 0.0548 | 14.00 | 0.00 | 0.3529 |
Compliance: planning | 91.45 | 91.61 | 0.4774 | 88.28 | 90.91 | 0.1605 | 88.89 | 85.16 | 0.2519 | 68.75 | 88.31 | 0.2786 |
Compliance: analytical procedure 1 | 65.32 | 84.62 | 0.0663 | 81.25 | 72.73 | 0.1376 | 78.28 | 60.27 | 0.2556 | 75.00 | 72.92 | 0.4583 |
Compliance: analytical procedure 2 | 77.47 | 84.52 | 0.1040 | 83.73 | 73.66 | 0.0108 | 77.32 | 77.78 | 0.3836 | 77.32 | 78.93 | 0.3608 |
Compliance: conclusions | 91.57 | 95.83 | 0.0211 | 91.90 | 91.30 | 0.2822 | 91.51 | 88.64 | 0.4283 | 91.30 | 93.19 | 0.1425 |