Social and cultural values	Common norms, values, attitude and aspiration expressed in rural areas.	Common norms, values, attitude and aspiration expressed in urban areas.
1. Land occupation	Primarily existing of customary land ownership in rural areas.	Informal arrangements on use and ‘ownership’ on customary land to those outside families. Formal arrangement and ownership also exist.
	Family and wider group such as clan involved in land distribution.	Oral and written arrangements to secure land.
	Land rights oral – not recorded in writing.	Land can be leased, bought or customary
	Land use rights not definitive	Land has greater economic use and value
	Lands associated with families, clans and tribes	Land ownership can be endorsed by courts and recorded in registers
		Land used as a commodity
		Individual clan, group and individual title can be given to land.
2. Habitation	Traditional design – for example outdoor food preparation areas, toilet and bath areas, storage and cattle house located away from main the building.	Indoor kitchens, and toilets other builds functional spaces being separated from main building.
	Building structures reflect functionality of the spaces.	Connected to modern services including in house toilet system
	Sanitation separate and away from family and house	Sanitation included to house
3. Settlement layout	Dwellings in contained village arrangement in a dispersed layout	Written rules and regulations for land allocation and house siting.
	Traditional layout of buildings	Formal and informal still exist. Informal way of building arrangement with poor infrastructure network
	Low density, minimal or no reticulated services	High density, walkable
	Limited transport systems	High environmental degradation
		Greater flexibility of movement
		High urban security, law and order Concerns.
4. Economic activities and development	Development based on farming which varying scale.	Greater need for cash for survival
	For some, work only carried out as needs have to be met.	Varying levels of informal and formal sector employment and opportunities
	Informal sector employment	Residents have some or self-employed.
	Little regulation	Reliance on local produce – imported goods
	Little regulation	Rules and laws impact on business opportunities
5. Laws and Order	Clan rules and Village administration authority and controls	Formal system rules and controls maybe acknowledged but many times ignored
5. Laws and Order		Rules and controls set by settlement Committees (Local authorities)
6. Communication (Language)	Own dialect in homogenous groups	Exposure to Swahili as a first official communication language. Dialects mixed with Swahili Exposed to English as another official language.