CA

M1

M2

M3

M4

controlled variable

scale

0.047

0.036

0.029

0.020

Years

−0.031

−0.023

−0.006

−0.004

Direct effect

NVS

0.271^***

0.332^***

0.334^***

0.311

Curve effect

(NVS)²

−0.244^***

−0.248^***

−0.247^***

Regulatory effect

MDC* NVS

0.207^**

0.173^***

MDC* (NVS)²

0.196^**

DW

1.586

1.696

1.608

1.682

R²

0.076

0.132

0.175

0.211

F

6.053^***

8.330^***

9.221^***

9.694^***