Panels | With intercept and trend Without intercept and trend |
| ||||
| Statistics | Probability | Statistics | Probability | ||
Within | Within | |||||
Central Africa | Panel v- | −0.7993 | 0.2121 | 0.7177 | 0.2365 | |
Panel rho | −3.5685*** | 0.0002 | −4.0940*** | 0.0000 | ||
Panel PP | −14.5231*** | 0.0000 | −8.7040*** | 0.0000 | ||
Panel ADF | −9.9178*** | 0.0000 | −4.6132*** | 0.0000 | ||
Between | Between | |||||
Group rho | −2.5328*** | 0.0057 | −3.8679*** | 0.0001 | ||
Group PP | −16.3730*** | 0.0000 | −13.3331*** | 0.0000 | ||
Group ADF | −10.8451*** | 0.0000 | −6.7837*** | 0.0000 | ||
| Within | Within | ||||
West Africa | Panel v | −0.8633 | 0.1940 | 2.7220*** | 0.0032 | |
Panel rho | 0.2557 | 0.3991 | −2.1108** | 0.0174 | ||
Panel PP | −3.9692*** | 0.0000 | −4.7167*** | 0.0000 | ||
Panel ADF | −4.4506*** | 0.0000 | −5.0624*** | 0.0000 | ||
| Between | Between | ||||
Group rho | 1.7244** | 0.0423 | −0.8609 | 0.1946 | ||
Group PP | −4.0798*** | 0.0000 | −6.3995*** | 0.0000 | ||
Group ADF | −4.0745*** | 0.0000 | −6.4777*** | 0.0000 | ||
|
| Within | Within | |||
Southern Africa | Panel v | −2.0023** | 0.0226 | −0.1064 | 0.6 | |
Panel rho | 0.1650 | 0.4345 | −1.2505 | 0.1056 | ||
Panel PP | −3.1487*** | 0.0008 | −3.3304*** | 0.0004 | ||
Panel ADF | −3.5559*** | 0.0002 | −3.6346*** | 0.0001 | ||
| Between | Between | ||||
Group rho | 1.2718 | 0.1017 | −0.5334 | 0.2969 | ||