Panels

With intercept and trend Without intercept and trend

Statistics

Probability

Statistics

Probability

Within

Within

Central

Africa

Panel v-

−0.7993

0.2121

0.7177

0.2365

Panel rho

−3.5685***

0.0002

−4.0940***

0.0000

Panel PP

−14.5231***

0.0000

−8.7040***

0.0000

Panel ADF

−9.9178***

0.0000

−4.6132***

0.0000

Between

Between

Group rho

−2.5328***

0.0057

−3.8679***

0.0001

Group PP

−16.3730***

0.0000

−13.3331***

0.0000

Group ADF

−10.8451***

0.0000

−6.7837***

0.0000

Within

Within

West

Africa

Panel v

−0.8633

0.1940

2.7220***

0.0032

Panel rho

0.2557

0.3991

−2.1108**

0.0174

Panel PP

−3.9692***

0.0000

−4.7167***

0.0000

Panel ADF

−4.4506***

0.0000

−5.0624***

0.0000

Between

Between

Group rho

1.7244**

0.0423

−0.8609

0.1946

Group PP

−4.0798***

0.0000

−6.3995***

0.0000

Group ADF

−4.0745***

0.0000

−6.4777***

0.0000

Within

Within

Southern

Africa

Panel v

−2.0023**

0.0226

−0.1064

0.6

Panel rho

0.1650

0.4345

−1.2505

0.1056

Panel PP

−3.1487***

0.0008

−3.3304***

0.0004

Panel ADF

−3.5559***

0.0002

−3.6346***

0.0001

Between

Between

Group rho

1.2718

0.1017

−0.5334

0.2969