| Audit_tenure | Audit period of a company by the firm, starting from 2009 |
Auditor | Gender | When the auditor’s gender is male, the variable is 1 |
Auditor_year | The auditor’s working years | |
Auditor_spec | Auditor’s industry expertise: the sum of the audit fees of listed companies charged by the internal auditor of an industry divided by the audit fees of all companies in the industry. If the ratio of the auditor is greater than the median of the ratio in the industry, the auditor has industry expertise, and the variable is 1 | |
Control | Quick | Quick assets/total assets |
Leverage | Total liabilities/total assets | |
Growth | (Operating revenue of this year − operating revenue of last year)/operating revenue of last year | |
Bm | Book to market ratio | |
Recvinv | (Inventory + accounts receivable)/total assets | |
Otherrec | Other receivables/total assets | |
Size | Natural logarithm of total assets | |
Roa | Net profit/total assets | |
Cfo | Net cash flow from operating activities/total assets | |
Audittype | If the standard has no reservations, take 1; otherwise, take 0 | |
Age | Years of listing | |
Loss | If the net profit is negative, take 1; otherwise, take 0 | |
Industry | Industry code of China Securities Regulatory Commission 2012 | |
Year | Natural year |