Dimensionality	Code	Explanation	Example
Directive utterances	M1 lead attentional directives	Words that direct the child’s attention to an object or activity, or calling the child’s name to get the child’s attention” (Girolametto et al., 2000) .	“Look here”/“Julian”/ “Let us see what’s in the bag.”
	M2 verbal prohibitions or reprimands	Utterances that uses negative commands to interfere with or prevent behavior has already begun (Tulkin & Kagan, 1972) ; and words that scold, condemn, punish, criticize, warn, or exhort the child (Girolametto et al., 2000) .	“Stop,” “Don’t do that,” “No,” “Don’t put it in your mouth.” “Stupid,” “Mom doesn’t like you at all.”
	M3 follow-in directives	Words that command, suggest, or instruct a child to play in a certain way or demonstrate a specific behavior (Girolametto et al., 2000; Tulviste, 2004) .	“Come”/“Please take it out of your mouth.” “Watch out”/“Watch out”/ “Wait”/“Give me a duck.”
	M4 questions	The mother asks the child a question to elicit an answer (Konstantareas et al., 1988)	“Do you like to swim?”/ “What color is this?”
	M5 request for clarification	Asking the child to clarify the meaning in the preceding utterances (Girolametto et al., 2000) .	Example 1, C: “The park.” M: “Is he going to the park?” Example 2, “Are you sure?” “Hmm?”
Language-modelling utterances	M6 labels	Short utterances for tagging objects (Girolametto et al., 2000) .	That’s X/This is X/Red X/You have X.
	M7 lmitation	Adults completely or partially imitate the child’s words (Girolametto et al., 2000; Konstantareas et al., 1988) .	Example 1, C: “banana” M: “banana”. Example 2, C: “I want to eat” M: “Eat.”
	M8 recasts	The mother repeats the preceding child’s approximation or verbalization and completes the pronunciation by adding one or more morphemes or words (Girolametto et al., 1999) .	Example 1, C: “pasta” M: “spaghetti” Example 2, C: “Eye” M: “Eye, yes.”
	M9 descriptions or Comments	Words describing the child’s or mother’s own activities (Girolametto et al., 2000) .	“You built the house.”/ “I’m making cookies.”
	M10 affirmation or support	Adults assess the child’s behavior positively (encouraging, praising, and supporting ongoing activities) (Girolametto et al., 2000) .	“Yes”/“That’s a beautiful drawing”/“It’s OK.”