Group

N

Pre-test

Post-test

SD

SD

Gain

SD D.

Avg. SD

With IM

85

41.87

10.14

55.62

16.01

13.75

5.87

13.08

Without IM

97

42.15

9.79

49.91

11.32

7.76

−2.03

8.76

AO

5.99

4.32