Dropping out

of school

High school

only

Controls

Female

−.341^***

(.711)

−.249^**

(.780)

−.226^*

(.798)

−.197^*

(.821)

−.212^***

(.809)

−.177^**

(.837)

−.165^*

(.848)

−.154^*

(.857)

Non-Hispanic Black

−.466^**

(.627)

−.493^***

(.610)

−.528^***

(.590)

−.532^***

(.587)

−.120

(.887)

−.135

(.874)

−.144

(.866)

−.148

(.863)

Hispanic

−.091

(.913)

−.132

(.876)

−.126

(.882)

−.141

(.868)

−.104

(.898)

−.121

(.886)

−.119

(.888)

−.123

(.884)

Asian

−.955^**

(.385)

−.946^**

(.388)

−.977^**

(.376)

−.968^**

(.380)

−.394

(.675)

−.398

(.672)

−.400

(.670)

−.402

(.669)

Native American/other

−.498

(.608)

−.511

(.600)

−.561

(.570)

−.559

(.572)

−.292

(.747)

−.297

(.743)

−.322

(.725)

−.321

(.725)

Age

−.711

(.491)

−.834

(.434)

−.861

(.423)

−.900

(.407)

−2.234^***

(.104)

−2.253^***

(.105)

−2.269^***

(.103)

−2.272^***

(.103)

Age squared

.011

(1.012)

.014

(1.014)

.015

(1.015)

.016

(1.016)

.050^***

(1.051)

.050^***

(1.051)

.050^***

(1.052)

.050^***

(1.052)

Family SES

−.368^***

(.692)

−.370^***

(.691)

−.366^***

(.694)

−.367^***

(.693)

−.218^***

(.804)

−.217^***

(.805)

−.216^***

(.806)

−.216^***

(.806)

Urbanicity

.187

(1.205)

.155

(1.168)

.173

(1.189)

.160

(1.174)

−.004

(.996)

−.013

(.987)

−.010

(.990)

−.013

(.987)

Neighborhood poverty

.721^***

(2.056)

.706^***

(2.025)

.699^***

(2.011)

.695^***

(2.003)

.447^***

(1.564)

.443^***

(1.558)

.440^***

(1.552)

.439^***

(1.551)

Lives with both biological parents

−.818^***

(.441)

−.788^***

(.455)

−.806^***

(.447)

−.794^***

(.452)

−.437^***

(.646)

−.426^***

(.653)

−.435^***

(.647)

−.430^***

(.651)

GPA

−1.546^***

(.213)

−1.536^***

(.215)

−1.528^***

(.217)

−1.526^***

(.217)

−.952^***

(.386)

−.945^***

(.388)

−.941^***

(.390)

−.939^***

(.391)

Self-control

.055^***

(1.057)

.041^**

(1.042)

.030^*

(1.031)

.027^*

(1.027)

−.009

(.991)

−.014

(.986)

−.019

(.981)

−.020

(.980)

Violence

Violent victimization (W1)

-

.371^***

(1.449)

-

.178^*

(1.195)

-

.164^**

(1.179)

-

.074

(1.077)

Violent perpetration (W1)

-

-

.447^***

(1.564)

.384^***

(1.468)

-

-

.203^***

(1.225)

.178^***

(1.195)

Constant

14.835^*

16.179^*

16.224^*

16.684^*

28.805^***

28.988^***

29.067^***

29.101^***