Control

Car-bread

Physical parameters

pH

6.5

7.5

Loaf weight (g)

124.83

140.13

Loaf volume (ml)

150.00

130.00

Specific volume (ml/g)

1.20

0.93

Bulk density (g/ml)

0.40

0.41

Packed density (g/ml)

0.65

0.65

Water holding capacity (g/g)

1.06

1.33

Swelling capacity (ml/g)

2.60

3.50

Oil holding capacity (g/g)

1.48

1.14

Chemical parameters (g/100g)

Moisture

28.6 ± 0.4

29.4 ± 0.5

Ash

1.0 ± 0.0

1.5 ± 0.3

Fat

3.0 ± 0.7

4.6 ± 0.9

Protein

6.9 ± 0.1

7.0 ± 0.1

Carbohydrate

17.8 ± 0.5

15.0 ± 1.0

Fiber

3.5 ± 0.3

9.4 ± 1.5a

Reducing sugar

5.8 ± 0.0

6.9 ± 0.0

Non-reducing sugar

10.7 ± 0.0a

8.4 ± 0.0

Total sugar

17.0 ± 0.0a

15.6 ± 0.0

Mineral content (μg/g)

Sodium

2618.8

2709.6

Potassium

1452.7

2565.7

Magnesium

235.4

678.8

Calcium

254.6

277.9

Iron

51.9

63.1

Copper

3.3

1.2

Zinc

6.1

4.3

Calories (kcal/g)

1.4

1.5

Color analysis

L*

76.4 ± 1.0

76.7 ± 1.0

a*

1.0 ± 0.1

1.0 ± 0.1

b*

18.2 ± 0.3

18.2 ± 0.3