Variables

Model 5

Model 6

Model 7

Model 8

Control variables

Firm size

0.036

0.030

0.036

0.034

Firm nature

0.035

0.043

0.031

0.035

Firm age

0.124^*

0.116^*

0.094

0.102

Independent variables

QM infrastructure practices (IP)

0.211^**

0.194^**

0.189^**

QM core practices (CP)

0.141^*

0.118^*

0.116^*

Moderator variables

Market turbulence (MT)

0.173^**

0.293^**

Two-way interactions

MT*IP

0.087

MT*CP

−0.121^*

R²

0.105

0.234

0.417

0.524

Corrected R²

0.078

0.218

0.392

0.508

ΔR²

0.129^**

0.312^**

0.419^**