Variables

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Control variables

Firm size

0.023

0.032

0.027

0.044

Firm nature

0.031

0.035

0.035

0.036

Firm age

0.088^*

0.101^*

0.089

0.077

Independent variables

QM infrastructure practices (IP)

0.240^**

0.245^**

0.224^**

QM core practices (CP)

0.127^*

0.107^*

0.092

Moderator variables

Market turbulence (MT)

0.179^**

0.135^*

Two-way interactions

MT*IP

0.224^**

MT*CP

−0.072

R²

0.085

0.230

0.468

0.547

Adjusted R²

0.073

0.214

0.436

0.525

ΔR²

0.145^**

0.383^**

0.462^**