Variables

Item members

No. of items

Items loading rage

Cronbach’s α

Top management commitment

TMC1-TMC5

5

0.651 - 0.752

0.781

Employee involvement

EI1-EI4

4

0.584 - 0.714

0.783

Customer focus

CF1-CF4

4

0.543 - 0.688

0.752

Continuous improvement

CI1-CI3

3

0.678 - 0.775

0.852

Process flow management

PFM1-PFM3

3

0.713 - 0.821

0.821

Supplier relationship

SR1-SR5

5

0.607 - 0.756

0.785

Product innovation performance

Prod1-Prod4

4

0.728 - 0.782

0.871

Process innovation performance

Proc1-Proc4

4

0.745 - 0.816

0.902

Market turbulence

MT1-MT4

4

0.768 - 0.826

0.832