Variables

Items

Factor loading

CR

AVE

Cronbach’s α

Compliance with

rules

A1 Under any circumstances I should compliance with rules.

0.919

0.685

0.827

A2 I shouldn’t argue with the referee even I believe he/she has made a mistake

0.933

A3 Committing a tactical foul to win a game is against fair play spirit.

0.836

A4 Aggressive behavior towards opposing players is against fair play spirit.

0.981

A5 Rough play is not justified even if the rival team uses rough play.

0.773

A6 Players should receive permanent bans for certain violent behaviors.

0.933

Respect

B1 The respect for all stakeholders is in the spirit of fair play.

0.962

0.947

0.916

0.816

B2 I should shake hands with my opponents even after losing the game.

0.852

B3 The public expression of negative feelings by athletes should be minimized.

0.779

B4 If accidentally pushes or hits an opposing player, it’s common to apologize

0.995

B5 I should not fight back verbally even if an audience member insults me,

0.877

B6 I will report the situation in a game honestly that might be disadvantageous

0.910

Equal Participation

C1 Having the equal opportunity to attend sports is important for fair play.

0.807

0.815

0.799

0.854

C2 Females should be allowed to participate in all sports male players can.

0.927

C3 Female athletes shouldn’t be paid differently compared to male players.

0.647

C4 Sports including multiple genders simultaneously are fairer.

0.864

C5 It’s unfair having barriers of entry for financially disadvantaged groups

0.790

C6 Players should be provided with the same set of gear to ensure fairness`

0.927

C7 Paralympic Games represents the essential value of fair play.

0.820