(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Sex_ratio

−2.368**

−6.608*

−105.502

−15.505***

−2.798

−1.619

(−2.71)

(−1.80)

(−1.26)

(−9.60)

(−1.21)

(−1.42)

Olderpop

−0.826**

0.505

78.033

−0.439*

−1.010*

−1.060**

(−2.24)

(0.86)

(1.85)

(−2.04)

(−2.10)

(−2.43)

Lngdpper

−0.057***

0.007

−1.964

0.010

−0.045**

−0.050***

(−3.86)

(0.24)

(−1.91)

(0.94)

(−2.25)

(−3.06)

Edu

0.219***

−0.402

0.795

−0.267***

0.270***

0.217***

(3.11)

(−1.53)

(0.50)

(−4.12)

(3.41)

(3.08)

Socialspend

0.807***

−0.208

5.708

−0.244

0.751**

0.908***

(4.79)

(−1.32)

(1.89)

(−1.43)

(2.92)

(4.64)

Sex_unsafe

−1.150***

(−8.59)

Sex_age

0.089*

(2.15)

Confucianism

0.018

(1.01)

Constant

1.763***

3.391*

64.418

8.593***

0.346

1.323*

(3.64)

(1.79)

(1.41)

(10.13)

(0.22)

(2.03)

Individual effect

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Annual effect

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

Adj-R²

0.512

0.953

0.915

0.919

0.536

0.513