(1)

(2)

(3)

Retirement

−0.118***

−0.079***

−0.069***

(0.01)

(0.02)

(0.02)

Age

−0.012***

−0.012***

(0.00)

(0.00)

Gender

0.0190

0.0180

(0.01)

(0.01)

Education

−0.0050

−0.0060

(0.00)

(0.00)

Marriage

−0.119***

−0.102***

(0.02)

(0.02)

Assets

−0.010***

−0.012***

(0.00)

(0.00)

Health condition

0.036***

0.037***

(0.01)

(0.01)

Number of children alive

0.011*

0.0090

(0.01)

(0.01)

Number of deceased children

0.0150

0.0140

(0.02)

(0.02)

Self-care ability

0.0030

0.0040

(0.01)

(0.01)

House ownership

0.134***

0.135***

(0.02)

(0.02)

Cons

0.504***

1.188***

1.185***

(0.01)

(0.13)

(0.13)

Annual fixed effects

no

no

yes

Fixed effects of province

no

no

yes

N

5569

4801

4801

R2

0.0140

0.0420

0.0790