P(hrase) 1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

I. Verbal complement clause (Comp)

a) Canonical order

Tanaka-ga

name-nom

[_S Akechi-ga

name-nom

shakkin-o

debt-acc

hensaishita]-to

paid back-Comp

bengoshi-ni

lawyer-dat

shoogenshita.

testified

“Tanaka told the lawyer as the testimony that Akechi had paid back the debt”

b) Scrambled order

Shakkin-o

[_S Tanaka-ga

[_S Akechi-ga

hensaishita]-to

bengoshi-ni

shoogenshita]

“The debt, Tanaka told the lawyer as the testimony that Akechi had paid back”

c) Relativized order

[_S Tanaka-ga

[_S Akechi-ga

hensaishita]-to

bengoshi-ni

shoogenshita]

shakkin.

“The debt that Tanaka told the lawyer as the testimony that Akechi had paid back”

II. Nominal complement clause (Ncomp)

a) Canonical order

Takagi-ga

name-nom

[_NP[_S Uchida-ga

name-nom

shiNyuu-o

close friend-acc

damashita]

betrayed

jijitsu]-ni

fact-dat

ochikonda.

got depressed

“Takagi got depressed at the fact that Uchida had betrayed the close friend”

b) Scrambled order

ShiNyuu-o

[_S Takagi-ga

[_NP[_S Uchida-ga

damashita]

jijitsu]-ni

ochikonda]

“As for the close friend_i, Takagi got depressed at the fact that Uchida had betrayed him/her_i”

c) Relativized order

[_S Takagi-ga

[_NP[_S Uchida-ga

damashita]

jijitsu]-ni

ochikonda]

shiNyuu.

“The close friend_i who Takagi got depressed at the fact that Uchida had betrayed him/her_i”

III. Adverbial adjunct clause (Adjunct)

a) Canonical order

Tanaka-ga

name-nom

[_PP[_S Tsuchiya-ga

name-nom

kootsuujiko-o

traffic accident-acc

okoshita]-node]

caused-because

jiko-genba-ni

accident scene-dat

kaketsuketa.

rushed to

“Tanaka rushed to the accident scene because Tsuchiya had caused a traffic accident”

b) Scrambled order

Kootsuujiko-o

[_S Tanaka-ga

[_PP[_S Tsuchiya-ga

okoshita]-node]

jiko-genba-ni

kaketsuketa]

“As for the traffic accident_i, Tanaka rushed to the accident scene because Tsuchiya had caused it_i”

c) Relativized order

[_S Tanaka-ga

[_PP[_S Tsuchiya-ga

okoshita]-node]

jiko-genba-ni

kaketsuketa]

kootsuujiko

“The traffic accident_i that Tanaka rushed to the accident scene because Tsuchiya had caused it_i”

IV. Relative clause (Relative)

a) Canonical order

Suzuki-ga

name-nom

[_NP[_S Kishida-ga

name-nom

yubiwa-o

ring-acc

katta]

bought

hoosekiten]-ni

jewelry store-dat

tsutometeita.

worked