Fracture type simulated

Method of creation of simulated fracture

Loading protocol

Construct stiffness (N∙mm⁻¹)

Ref. #

Extra-articular, severe comminuted fracture

10-mm gap (10 mm volar height, 10 mm dorsal height, 10 mm radial height, 10 mm ulnar height), 20 mm from the distal articular surface

Loaded, at 2 mm∙s⁻¹, to failure in axial compression

107 ± 32 (Tiplate) 210 ± 34 (Steel plate)

Osada et al. [25]

Comminuted, extra-articular, dorsally-unstable fracture

Osteotomy created 20 mm proximal to the articular surface at the Lister tubercle; then, 6-mm-wide dorsally-based wedge removed

Axial compression, at 1 N∙s⁻¹, to a maximum load of 90 N

430 ± 200 (Tiplate; load applied at center^a) 340 ± 140 (Ti plate; load applied radial off-center) 440 ± 200 (Ti plate; load applied ulnar off-center) 250 ± 110 (Ti plate; load applied volar off-center) 150 ± 92 (Ti plate; load applied dorsal off-center)

Liporace et al. [26]

Dorsally-comminuted fracture

An incomplete 1-mm wide dorsal wedge osteotomy that started 20 mm from the articular surface

Cyclically loaded, at 100 N∙s⁻¹, from preload of 100 N to a compression load of 250 N. Either 5000 or 20,000 cycles at 1 Hz

400 ± 100

Blythe et al. [27]

Severely comminuted, unstable, extra-articular fracture

Transverse osteotomy 20 mm proximal to the articular surface; then, 15-mm fracture gap created, making a second transverse osteotomy 15 mm proximal to the initial osteotomy

Axial compression, at 1 N∙s⁻¹, to a maximum load of 50 N

460 ± 10 (Ti plate; load applied at central location^a) 150 ± 2 (Ti plate; load applied at dorsal location) 240 ± 3 (Ti plate; load applied at volar location)

Strauss et al. [28]

Extra-articular AO-type A3 fracture

Excision of 10-mm wide bone segment, centered 20 mm proximal to the tip of the radial styloid

Static axial compression force of 250 N

83 ± 62 (Ti plate; 4 locking screws in the distal row of the plate) 208 ± 60 (Ti plate; 4 locking screws alternately in the distal and proximal rows of the plate) 178 ± 82 (Ti plate; 3 locking screws in the proximal row of the plate) 429 ± 224 (Ti plate; 7 locking screws filling all screw hoes in the distal and proximal rows of the plate)

Mehling et al. [29]

Extra-articular OTA-type 23-A3 fracture

Excision of 10-mm wide dorsal wedge, centered 20 mm from the articular margin of the distal radius

Static axial compression force of 130 N

188 ± 53 (Ti plate; 4 locking screws in the distal row of the plate and 3 locking screws in the proximal row of the plate

Mehling et al. [30]

Extra-articular OTA-type 23 A3 fracture

A dorsal wedge osteotomy, completely separating the volar cortex (1 mm gap)

Static axial compression force, at 1 mm∙s⁻¹, until either a 20% drop in force or 3 mm displacement reached

706 ± 103 (Ti plate; distal screw tips are flushed with or just short of the distal cortex [Group A] 660 ± 124 (Ti plate; target screw length of 75% of that achieved in Group A construct)

Baumbach et al. [31]