| Potential associated factors | OR (IC 95%) | P-value |
| Age of mother (<20 years) | 3.21 (1.25 - 8.27) | 0.018 |
| Gravidity (1) | 0.98 (0.65 - 1.49) | 0.959 |
| Parity (1) | 1.65 (1.03 - 5.92) | 0.008 |
| Spontaneous miscarriage (Yes) | 0.28 (0.05 - 5.71) | 0.178 |
| Gestational age ( [37] [38] ) | 1.59 (1.27 - 2.01) | 0.000 |
| Delay in start of ANC (>14) | 10.35 (4.48 - 20.16) | 0.000 |
| Place of ANC (5th category) | 0.98 (0.88 - 1.11) | 0.834 |
| Anemia (Yes) | 2.94 (1.45 - 11.95) | 0.000 |
| Toxoplasmosis (Yes) | 3.31 (1.98 - 11.178) | 0.005 |
| Preeclampsia | 4.99 (0.52 - 27.75) | 0.067 |
| BMI at the start of pregnancy (<18.5 Kg/m2) | 7.59 (2.88 - 23.89) | 0.000 |