Outcomes

Intervention

Control

Between-group difference in changes over time#

Baseline

Post-intervention

Mean difference

Baseline

Post-intervention

Mean difference

P value

Mean

(SD)

Mean

(SD)

Mean

(CI)

Mean

(SD)

Mean

(SD)

Mean

(CI)

Primary outcomes

HbA1c (%)

7.97 (0.28)

8.21 (0.51)

0.24

(−0.33; 0.81)

8.46 (0.61)

8.59 (0.66)

0.24

(−0.40; 0.67)

0.758

Depressive symptoms (score)

22.5 (8.02)

19.17 (4.28)

−3.33*

(−6.30; −0.35)

17.71 (5.09)

20.53 (4.00)

2.81*

(0.06; 5.57)

0.007*

Secondary outcomes

BMI (kg/m2)

24.26 (3.69)

24.51 (3.71)

0.25

(−1.83; 2.33)

26.46 (3.48)

27.09 (2.75)

0.63

(−1.30; 2.56)

0.773

Waist circumference (cm)

87.55 (5.36)

86.41 (6.00)

−1.14

(−4.25; 1.98)

92.81 (8.51)

95.74 (9.86)

2.93*

(0.05; 5.82)

0.059*

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

119.61 (15.39)

116.37 (5.48)

−2.84

(−23.77; 18.10)

129.48 (18.94)

128.31 (17.90)

−1.17

(−20.55; 18.77)

0.900

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

77.72 (9.85)

74.72 (4.74)

−3.00

(−12.96; 6.95)

75.67 (6.17)

75.68 (6.81)

0.13

(−9.2; 9.23)

0.634

Physical components summary score (score)

38.30 (7.99)

38.98 (6.04)

0.68

(−5.70; 7.07)

40.99 (5.68)

40.64 (3.64)

−0.35

(−6.26; 5.56)

0.799

Mental components summary score (score)

39.47 (9.67)

49.14 (3.15)

9.66*

(2.61; 16.72)

46.04 (8.58)

46.14 (4.92)

0.11

(−6.43; 6.64)

0.051*

Leg strength (number of chair stand test)

15.00 (6.39)

18.29 (7.12)

3.23*

(1.46; 5.12)

13.14 (3.39)

13.86 (2.87)

0.72

(−0.97; 2.42)

0.045*