Outcomes | Intervention | Control | Between-group difference in changes over time# | ||||
| Baseline | Post-intervention | Mean difference | Baseline | Post-intervention | Mean difference | P value |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (CI) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (CI) | |
Primary outcomes |
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HbA1c (%) | 7.97 (0.28) | 8.21 (0.51) | 0.24 (−0.33; 0.81) | 8.46 (0.61) | 8.59 (0.66) | 0.24 (−0.40; 0.67) | 0.758 |
Depressive symptoms (score) | 22.5 (8.02) | 19.17 (4.28) | −3.33* (−6.30; −0.35) | 17.71 (5.09) | 20.53 (4.00) | 2.81* (0.06; 5.57) | 0.007* |
Secondary outcomes |
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BMI (kg/m2) | 24.26 (3.69) | 24.51 (3.71) | 0.25 (−1.83; 2.33) | 26.46 (3.48) | 27.09 (2.75) | 0.63 (−1.30; 2.56) | 0.773 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 87.55 (5.36) | 86.41 (6.00) | −1.14 (−4.25; 1.98) | 92.81 (8.51) | 95.74 (9.86) | 2.93* (0.05; 5.82) | 0.059* |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 119.61 (15.39) | 116.37 (5.48) | −2.84 (−23.77; 18.10) | 129.48 (18.94) | 128.31 (17.90) | −1.17 (−20.55; 18.77) | 0.900 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 77.72 (9.85) | 74.72 (4.74) | −3.00 (−12.96; 6.95) | 75.67 (6.17) | 75.68 (6.81) | 0.13 (−9.2; 9.23) | 0.634 |
Physical components summary score (score) | 38.30 (7.99) | 38.98 (6.04) | 0.68 (−5.70; 7.07) | 40.99 (5.68) | 40.64 (3.64) | −0.35 (−6.26; 5.56) | 0.799 |
Mental components summary score (score) | 39.47 (9.67) | 49.14 (3.15) | 9.66* (2.61; 16.72) | 46.04 (8.58) | 46.14 (4.92) | 0.11 (−6.43; 6.64) | 0.051* |
Leg strength (number of chair stand test) | 15.00 (6.39) | 18.29 (7.12) | 3.23* (1.46; 5.12) | 13.14 (3.39) | 13.86 (2.87) | 0.72 (−0.97; 2.42) | 0.045* |