Variable type

Variable name

Variable definitions

Min

Max

Mean

Standard deviation

Dependent

Language score (grade 1)

Math scores (grade 2)

Parents’ evaluation of their child’s usual performance last semester, 1 = poor; 2 = medium; 3 = good; 4 = excellent

1

1

4

4

2.81

2.78

0.94

1.00

Explanatory variables

Education expenditure (lnexp)

Children’s total education expenditure last year (yuan)

1.60

10.82

6.49

1.44

Human investment:

Mother taking care of family time (hourcf1_m)

Father taking care of family time (hourcf1_f)

Working day, Time for family care (hour)

0

0

13

10

1.61

0.59

1.90

0.93

Family investment ability:

Whether the mother is employed (work_m)

Whether the father is employed (work_f)

1 = yes; 0 = no

1 = yes; 0 = no

0

0

1

1

0.37

0.57

0.48

0.49

Human capital:

Mother’s highest education (edu_m)

Father’s highest education (edu_f)

1 = illiteracy;

2 = primary school;

3 = junior high school’

4 = high school;

5 = College;

6 = Undergraduate;

7 = master’s degree; 8 = PhD

1

1

8

8

2.57

2.86

1.25

1.20

Investment target situation

Account type (hukou_c)

Child sex (gender_c)

Cross terms (cross)

Child’s age (age_c)

1 = city; 0 = rural

1 = male; 0 = female

work_m*gender_c, Cross-term between employment of mother and child’s gender

Child’s age

0

0

0

6

1

1

1

15

0.29

0.51

0.19

10.43

0.45

0.49

0.39

2.93