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| Cognitive learning outcomes | |||||||
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| Scientific literacy | Mathematical literacy | Reading literacy | Collaborative problem-solving | ||||
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| B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI |
| Age | 14.72** | 6.14; 23.30 | 10.91** | 4.11; 17.72 | 15.16*** | 7.61; 22.71 | 16.61*** | 6.21; 23.26 |
| Gender | −15.24*** | −20.12; −10.35 | −2.98 | −6.85; 0.89 | −41.27*** | −45.59; −36.95 | −45.69*** | −19.98; −10.27 |
| The index of ESCS | 38.48*** | 35.10; 41.85 | 34.26*** | 31.56; 36.96 | 34.21*** | 31.22; 37.19 | 29.72*** | 34.89; 41.60 |
| Early education and care (ECEC) |
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| ECEC started at 6 years of age1 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| ECEC started at 5 years of age | −3.66 | −11.44; 4.12 | 0.89 | −5.28; 7.07 | −8.62* | −15.46; 1.77 | −4.70 | −12.24; 2.86 |
| ECEC started at 4 years of age | −7.50 | −15.45; 0.44 | −2.12 | −8.42; 4.19 | −3.60 | −10.60; 3.39 | −2.64 | −10.36; 5.07 |
| ECEC started at 3 years of age | −0.93 | −8.67; 6.82 | 2.57 | −3.58; 8.71 | 1.54 | −5.27; 8.35 | −0.49 | −8.00; 7.02 |
| ECEC started at 2 years of age | 4.98 | −3.79; 13.75 | 8.48* | 1.52; 15.43 | 5.82 | −1.89; 13.54 | 3.98 | −4.53; 12.49 |
| ECEC started at 1 year of age | 1.31 | −10.36; 12.97 | 5.94 | −3.31; 15.20 | 1.71 | −8.55; 11.97 | −1.28 | −12.61; 10.04 |