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t-value

Confidence (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.88; CR = 0.93; AVE = 0.81)

I feel confident in representing my course understanding in class with my professor.

0.928

50.680

I feel confident contributing to discussions about the course content.

0.923

47.900

I feel confident presenting information to a group of classmates.

0.847

16.241

Hope (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.91; CR = 0.94; AVE = 0.85)

Right now, I see myself as being pretty successful in my course.

0.907

27.911

I can think of many ways to reach my current course goals.

0.936

60.765

At this time, I am meeting the course goals that I have set for myself.

0.915

35.454

Optimism (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.89; CR = 0.95; AVE = 0.90)

I always look on the bright side of things regarding my education.

0.948

77.052

I’m optimistic about what will happen to me in the future.

0.946

58.018

Resilience (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.71; CR = 0.84; AVE = 0.63)

I can study on my own, if I have to.

0.772

9.669

I usually take stressful things at university in my stride.

0.768

10.357

I can get through difficult times at university because I’ve experienced difficulty before.

0.837

22.913

Instrumental support (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.93; CR = 0.95; AVE = 0.83)

When I have problems with the subject, I receive help and guidance from my professor.

0.916

44.564

My professor helps me so that I understand the subject.

0.919

35.278

My professor is always available when I need assistance.

0.907

33.578

My professor is good at explaining challenging class material.

0.897

28.409

School satisfaction (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.92; CR = 0.95; AVE = 0.86)

This program meets my expectations.

0.915

45.650

I feel comfortable in this program.

0.947

61.267

I am pleased with the support I have received in this program.

0.926

51.733

Psychological well-being (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.92; CR = 0.94; AVE = 0.71)

I like most aspects of my personality.

0.864

25.227

I have warm and trusting relationships with others.

0.858

17.745

I have experiences that challenge me to grow and become a better person.

0.811

13.862

My life has a sense of direction or meaning to it.

0.850

27.113

I am confident in thinking or expressing my ideas and opinions.

0.867

25.453

I am good at managing the responsibilities of daily life.

0.787

12.431