Focus of contribution

Sub groups

Sources

Refs

Social presence

Emotional support or comment

Greetings and byes

Social talk including work, family, weather.

2

11

10

2

103

83

Cognitive presence

Cognitive discourse/engagement

Acknowledge new learning (or need for it)

Agrees and gives explanation

Disagrees and gives explanation

Facts, examples, personal issues

Presence indicator

Question or comment seeking clarification

Question or comment that introduces a new dimension

Respond: clarify, extend, explain

- general

- to student

- to tutor

Summarises

7

11

3

11

11

7

11

11

10

11

11

0

12

135

6

103

159

51

88

558

70

190

298

0

Topic/content related

Discuss topic in abstract/general way

Link topic to practice

Presence indicator

Reference to texts, resources etc.

Talk about changing practice (including barriers or need for practice to change)

11

11

11

9

4

392

396

134

32

18

Teaching presence

Environment related

Accessing materials

Acknowledge context e.g. self-correction

Presence indicator

Technical issues

5

8

5

11

12

57

21

61

Task and course related

Assignment related issues

Clarifying task for chat

Course issues and topics

Planning

Presence indicator

Reference to group task (i.e. pre-synchronous chat)

5

4

3

10

7

6

30

15

17

49

31

18

Tutor presence Social

Cognitive

Teaching

Other

Social contribution

Ask direct question

Gives direction to discussion

Prompts clarification

Refocuses thinking in discussion

Elaborates or expands on topic

Responds to student question about topic

Environment issues (technical, self-correction, access resources)

Course or task issues

Direct question or comment on personal issues with individual student

Presence indicator

11

11

11

10

4

9

6

10

11

6

8

34

91

78

57

7

43

33

63

65

15

23