| aa Geomagnetic activity index: difference between two antipodal geomagnetic observatories | GCR Galactic cosmic rays: particles from exploding stars | NH-SST Northern Hemisphere sea surface temperature |
| ACRIM Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor: series of satellites measuring TSI | Hale Solar magnetic period: about 22 years (SH) | Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem: limit for frequencies |
| ACSYS Arctic climate system studies | INAO Integrated NAO | P04 Period 04: program for harmonic periods analysis |
| AMO Atlantic multidecadal oscillation: A sea surface temperature index for the North Atlantic | Insolation: radiation energy received from the Sun | QBO Quasi-biennial oscillation: a tropical, downward propagating zonal wind |
| ArcT Arctic land temperature: from stations north of 60˚N | INAO Integrated NAO | SC Solar cycle |
| AW Atlantic water | IZI Integrated ZI | SCL Solar cycle length |
| BIE Barents Sea ice edge: positions in last part of August | Jose Period of 179 years: a common period for many of the solar system planets (PJo) | SIM Sun inertial motion |
| BS Barents Sea | KolaT Kola section sea temperatures 0 - 200 m depth | SMM/I Special Sensor Microwave/Imager |
| BSO Barents Sea opening | LIA Little ice age: cold period CE 1350 - 1850 (1900 in Arctic) | SSMIS Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder |
| CE Common Era, secular equivalent of AD anno Domini | LIG latitudinal insolation gradient | SMMR Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer |
| CET Central England temperature series | LOD change of the length of day (ms/year) | SN Sunspot number (R) |
| CME Coronal mass ejection: burst of plasma from the solar corona | MCA Medieval climate anomaly: a warm climate period about 1000 CE | SST Sea surface temperature |
| Coif3 Wavelet function for time series analysis | Morlet wavelet function for time series analysis | SW Solar wind |
| DMSP Defence meteorological satellite program | NAO The North Atlantic Oscillation: Index of atmospheric pressure difference at sea level between the Icelandic Low and the Azores High | SWS Solar Wind Speed |
| Ekman transport: water transported to the right angle of the wind direction in the NH hemisphere | NB Northern Branch: northern branch of the Gulf Stream also called the Norwegian Current | TSI Total solar insolation |
| FS Fram Strait | NDSIDC National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, USA | VLBI Very long baseline inter-ferometry(radio astronomy) |
| FT Fourier transform: converting time series to frequencies | NH Northern Hemisphere | WSC West Spitsbergen Current |
| GSB Gulf stream beat: a change between northern and southern branch of Gulf stream | ZI Zonal wind index: pressure difference between 35˚N and 55˚N |