Shin et al. 2015 | 1663 | representative; adults | USA | Cross-sectional | serum lipid levels: total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL | 2 question instrument derived from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and NHANES | FI not associated with total cholesterol. FI associated with low HDL among women only (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.42 - 3.76), but not men. |
Shiue 2016 | 4979 | representative; general population | USA | Cross-sectional | BP, serum glucose, total cholesterol and HDL, CRP | HFSSM | FI associated with prior asthma (p = 0.002), arthritis (p = 0.051), chronic bronchitis (p = 0.001), depression (p < 0.001), diabetes (p = 0.042), eczema (p = 0.001), emphysema (p = 0.013), liver problems (p = 0.022), suggesting disability from illness might prevent these individuals from being employed. |
Silverman et al. 2015 | 287 | convenience; US adults with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes | USA | Cross-sectional | HbA1c | HFSSM | FI associated with depression (p < 0.001), diabetes distress (p < 0.001), low medication adherence (p = 0.02), and worse glycemic control (p = 0.02). |
Tarasuk et al. 2013 | 77,053 | representative; general population | Canada | Case-control | self report of physician diagnosis of 10 conditions | HFSSM | Most conditions increased the odds of FI when controlling for other sociodemographics, and this effect became greater with the increasing number of comorbid chronic conditions: OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.28 - 1.59 for one condition, OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.62 - 2.14 for two, and OR 3.44, 95% CI 3.02 - 3.93) for 3 or more. |
Tayie and Zizza 2009 | 5549 | representative; general population | USA | Cross-sectional | serum fasting triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and their ratios | HFSSM | FI not associated with lipid measures among men. Among women, those with moderate food insecurity were more likely to have abnormal LDL (p = 0.045), and those with FI but not hunger had higher abnormal fasting serum triglyceride (p = 0.041). |
Terrell, Drew, and Vargas 2009 | 15,199 | representative; general population | USA | Cross-sectional | HbA1c, BP, proteinuria | HFSSM | People with FI were more likely to have diabetes based on self-report (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.13 - 1.85). People with FI and hypertension were more likely to have better blood pressure control (OR 1.335, 95% CI 1.06 - 1.68). |