Pérez-Escamilla et al. 2014 | 32320 | representative; general population | Mexico | Case-control | self-reported doctor diagnoses of diabetes or hypertension | Modified version of the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale | FI was a risk factor for type 2 diabetes among women (p = 0.005) but not men (p = 0.349), and for hypertension across genders (women p = 0.037, men p = 0.072). |
Sattler and Bhargava 2016 | 2944 | representative; adolescents only | USA | Cross-sectional | fasting plasma glucose and 2 hour plasma glucose following an OGTT, total cholesterol, BP, HbA1c | HFSSM | FI not associated with glucose, cholesterol, BP, or HbA1c in bivariate analyses. |
Sattler and Lee 2013 | 664 | convenience; older Americans enrolled or waitlisted for Older Americans Act Nutrition Program | USA | longitudinal | Blood glucose, total cholesterol, BP, healthy diet, BMI, smoking, and physical activity | HFSSM | People with persistent FI over the 8-month period were more likely to report being diagnosed with coronary heart disease and diabetes, and to practice cost-related medication nonadherence (all p < 0.05). |
Seligman et al. 2007 | 4423 | representative; general population | USA | Cross-sectional | self report and fasting serum glucose | HFSSM | Diabetes prevalence was higher in severely FI groups after adjusting for sociodemographics, physical activity level, and BMI (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1 - 4.0, p = 0.02). |
Seligman et al. 2010 | 40 | convenience; low-income adults with type 2 diabetes | USA | Cross-sectional | HbA1c | HFSSM, short form | FI was associated with inadequate diabetes control (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.05 - 1.7), and average HbA1c was higher, though not statistically significant. |
Seligman et al. 2012 | 711 | convenience; people with type 2 diabetes in safety net health clinics | USA | Cross-sectional | HbA1c | HFSSM | FI is an independent risk factor for poor glycemic control (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.07 - 2.04), possibly through the mechanisms of difficulty following a diabetic diet, and emotional distress stemming from low diabetes self-efficacy. |
Shariff et al. 2014 | 625 | representative; women only | Malaysia | Cross-sectional | fasting serum glucose, lipid profile, BP | Radimer/ Cornell Hunger and Food Insecurity Instrument | Women in FI households were less likely to have elevated glucose, high total cholesterol or LDL (all p < 0.05), when controlling for sociodemographic covariates. |
Sharkey 2003 | 279 | representative; homebound older women receiving meal delivery services | USA | Case-control | self-reported doctor diagnosis of 9 diseases, plus effect of disease(s) on daily activities | 4 question instrument derived from elements of food insecurity reported among elders in a previous study | Women with FI were more likely to report multimorbidity than those without FI (OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.14 - 12.0, p < 0.001). |