Lyles et al. 2013

665

representative; low-income adults with type 2 diabetes

USA

longitudinal

HbA1c

HFSSM

FI associated with higher HbA1c, lower self-efficacy, and lower consumption of fruits and veg (all p < 0.05); but after an educational intervention, these differences disappeared.

Mangini et al. 2015

11,099

representative; American third-graders

USA

Cross-sectional

parental report of child’s asthma diagnosis

HFSSM

Household FI associated with child asthma regardless of race/ethnicity (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.02 - 1.06), but to different degrees between ethnic groups.

Marjerrison et al. 2011

183

convenience; families of children with type 1 diabetes

Canada

Partially qualitative cross-sectional

HbA1c

HFSSM

Children from FI households have higher HbA1c (p = 0.039) and more frequent hospitalizations (p = 0.002), but only in bivariate analyses.

Mayer et al. 2016

407

convenience; adults on Medicaid or living in a zip code with high poverty, with diabetes

USA

Cross-sectional

HbA1c

HFSSM

FI associated with poor glucose control (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.22 - 4.1), while SNAP enrollment was associated with lower risk of poor glucose control (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09 - 0.08).

Mohamadpour, Sharif, and Keysami 2012

169

representative; Malaysian Indian women

Malaysia

Cross-sectional

BP, lipids, plasma glucose

Radimer/ Cornell Hunger and Food Insecurity Instrument

No significant differences in total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, plasma glucose, or blood pressure by FI status.

Moreno et al. 2015

250

convenience; Latinos with diabetes

USA

Cross-sectional

LDL cholesterol, BP, HbA1c

HFSSM

People with type 2 diabetes and FI reported more medication underuse (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.30 - 4.98; p = 0.003), poorer diabetes control (OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.07 - 0.84; p < 0.05), and fewer preventative exams (both p < 0.05) than those without FI.

Nelson et al. 2001

1503

representative; adults with diabetes

USA

Cross-sectional

self-reported health status, number of physician encounters, and number of hospitalizations

HFSSM

FI was associated with fair or poor self-reported health status in bivariate analysis (p = 0.05) but not multivariate. In both bivariate and multivariate analysis, FI diabetics reported higher healthcare utilization (p = 0.05).

Nur Atiqah et al. 2015

124

convenience; young adults at university

Malaysia

Cross-sectional

Lipid profile, CRP, and body composition

Adult Food Security Survey Module

No significant associations between FI and CD.

Parker et al. 2010

9251

representative; general population

USA

Cross-sectional

total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, BP, blood glucose, BMI

HFSSM

Adults with marginal or severe FI more likely to have MetS (marginal OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.30 - 2.49, severe OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.12 - 2.42), but not adolescents.