| Lyles et al. 2013 | 665 | representative; low-income adults with type 2 diabetes | USA | longitudinal | HbA1c | HFSSM | FI associated with higher HbA1c, lower self-efficacy, and lower consumption of fruits and veg (all p < 0.05); but after an educational intervention, these differences disappeared. |
| Mangini et al. 2015 | 11,099 | representative; American third-graders | USA | Cross-sectional | parental report of child’s asthma diagnosis | HFSSM | Household FI associated with child asthma regardless of race/ethnicity (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.02 - 1.06), but to different degrees between ethnic groups. |
| Marjerrison et al. 2011 | 183 | convenience; families of children with type 1 diabetes | Canada | Partially qualitative cross-sectional | HbA1c | HFSSM | Children from FI households have higher HbA1c (p = 0.039) and more frequent hospitalizations (p = 0.002), but only in bivariate analyses. |
| Mayer et al. 2016 | 407 | convenience; adults on Medicaid or living in a zip code with high poverty, with diabetes | USA | Cross-sectional | HbA1c | HFSSM | FI associated with poor glucose control (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.22 - 4.1), while SNAP enrollment was associated with lower risk of poor glucose control (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09 - 0.08). |
| Mohamadpour, Sharif, and Keysami 2012 | 169 | representative; Malaysian Indian women | Malaysia | Cross-sectional | BP, lipids, plasma glucose | Radimer/ Cornell Hunger and Food Insecurity Instrument | No significant differences in total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, plasma glucose, or blood pressure by FI status. |
| Moreno et al. 2015 | 250 | convenience; Latinos with diabetes | USA | Cross-sectional | LDL cholesterol, BP, HbA1c | HFSSM | People with type 2 diabetes and FI reported more medication underuse (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.30 - 4.98; p = 0.003), poorer diabetes control (OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.07 - 0.84; p < 0.05), and fewer preventative exams (both p < 0.05) than those without FI. |
| Nelson et al. 2001 | 1503 | representative; adults with diabetes | USA | Cross-sectional | self-reported health status, number of physician encounters, and number of hospitalizations | HFSSM | FI was associated with fair or poor self-reported health status in bivariate analysis (p = 0.05) but not multivariate. In both bivariate and multivariate analysis, FI diabetics reported higher healthcare utilization (p = 0.05). |
| Nur Atiqah et al. 2015 | 124 | convenience; young adults at university | Malaysia | Cross-sectional | Lipid profile, CRP, and body composition | Adult Food Security Survey Module | No significant associations between FI and CD. |
| Parker et al. 2010 | 9251 | representative; general population | USA | Cross-sectional | total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, BP, blood glucose, BMI | HFSSM | Adults with marginal or severe FI more likely to have MetS (marginal OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.30 - 2.49, severe OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.12 - 2.42), but not adolescents. |