Hasan-Ghomi et al. 2015	400	adults with and without type 2 diabetes	Iran	Case-control	fasting plasma glucose	HFSSM	No significant differences in FI risk between diabetic and nondiabetic groups. Women were at higher risk of FI regardless of diabetes status (nondiabetic OR 3.2, 95 CI 1.3 - 7.7; diabetic OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.02 - 5.5).
Heerman et al. 2016	401	representative; adults with diabetes	USA	Cross-sectional	HbA1c	3 question instrument derived from HFSSM	FI is common in low-SES people with type 2 diabetes (73%); FI associated with lower adherence to self-care recommendations (p = 0.002 - 0.03 for various recommendations) and worse glycemic control (p = 0.03).
Hendrickson et al. 2010	127	convenience; families presenting to a hospital for child asthma	USA	Cross-sectional	frequency of coughing or wheezing, night cough, activity limitation, missed school days, return to ED, length of hospitalization	HFSSM	FI is common in families of asthmatic children (35%), but is not associated with indicators of asthma severity.
Holben and Pheley 2006	808	convenience; rural adults	USA	Cross-sectional	diastolic BP, total cholesterol, random blood glucose, HbA1c, hemoglobin	HFSSM	BMI (p = 0.04) and obesity (p < 0.001) were higher among people with FI, but diastolic BP, total cholesterol, random blood glucose, HbA1c, and hemoglobin did not differ.
Homenko et al. 2010	74	representative; rural older adults with type 2 diabetes (age not specified)	USA	Cross-sectional	HbA1c	HFSSM, short form	FI associated with higher BMI (p = 0.01) but not HbA1c.
Hwang and Bugeja 2000	50	convenience; homeless in Toronto	Canada	partially qualitative, cross-sectional	HbA1c	“difficulties obtaining the necessities of life” scale derived from qualitative interviews	Homeless adults with diabetes reported difficulties managing their disease, and poor glycemic control was common (44%). However, people rarely said that poor glycemic control created difficulties obtaining the necessities of life.
Kollannoor- Samuel et al. 2012	211	convenience; Latinos in US with type 2 diabetes	USA	Partially qualitative cross-sectional	fasting blood glucose, HbA1c	HFSSM	FI associated with experiencing barriers to diabetes self-care (ORs ranging 1.22 - 1.46, 95% CIs ranging 1.04 - 1.82)
Liu et al. 2015	5533	representative; adults without diabetes	USA	Cross-sectional	fasting plasma insulin and glucose	HFSSM	FI related to insulin resistance among normal weightmen after controlling for covariates (OR 3.99, 95% CI 1.71 - 9.33). Among women, association was significant in bivariate analysis only (p < 0.001 overweight; p = 0.001 normal weight).