de Cássia Ribeiro-Silva et al. 2014

1307

convenience; children in public school

Brazil

Cross-sectional

frequency of asthma symptoms (wheezing) in last 12 months

Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale

Asthma severity associated with moderate FI (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.01 - 2.89) and severe FI (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.28 - 4.93) in a dose-response manner.

Ding et al. 2014

6577

representative; general population

USA

Cross-sectional

HbA1c

HFSSM

Marginally food insecure and food insecure men more likely to have undiagnosed pre-diabetes than food secure men when controlling for covariates (marginal FI OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.12 - 2.38; FI OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.28 - 3.49), but not among women.

Fitzgerald et al. 2011

201

convenience; Latina women

USA

Case-control

self-report of diagnosis of diabetes

HFSSM, short form

Individuals with FI more likely to have type 2 diabetes (OR 3.33, 95% CI 1.34 - 8.23).

Ford 2013

10,455

representative

USA

Cross-sectional

HbA1c, CRP, and cotinine; systolic BP, total cholesterol and HDL/LDL cholesterol

HFSSM

Severely FI adults had elevated HbA1c (p = 0.006), CRP (p = 0.02), and cotinine (p < 0.001), but not BP or cholesterol. Severely FI adults had increased predicted 10-year cardiovascular disease risk (adjusted prevalence ratio 2.38, 95% CI 1.31 - 4.31).

Galesloot et al. 2012

314

convenience; Canadian adults with diagnosed type 1 or 2 diabetes

Canada

Partially qualitative cross-sectional

previous diagnosis with diabetes mellitus and attending counseling sessions

HFSSM

Higher rate of FI among individuals with diabetes in active care than among a general population sample (p < 0.001).

Gucciardi et al. 2009

2523

representative; Canadians with diabetes

Canada

Cross-sectional

diabetes medication use, plus self-report of diagnoses from physicians of: diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and glaucoma

HFSSM

FI more prevalent among individuals with diabetes (9.3%, OR 8.2 - 10.4) versus without diabetes (6.8%, 95% CI 6.5 - 7.0), and associated with several indices of poor diabetes management, mental health problems, and poor quality of life.

Hanson and Olson 2012

225

representative; rural low-income adults

USA

longitudinal

being in the upper quartile of Chronic Health Conditions Index

HFSSM

Despite strong knowledge of community resources and usage of food aid programs, FI was common (occurring in 65% at some point over the 3-year study period). Enduring chronic health problems greatly increased the risk of persistent FI (OR 7.01, p < 0.01), and education beyond high school was the only factor protective against persistent FI (p < 0.05).