de Cássia Ribeiro-Silva et al. 2014	1307	convenience; children in public school	Brazil	Cross-sectional	frequency of asthma symptoms (wheezing) in last 12 months	Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale	Asthma severity associated with moderate FI (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.01 - 2.89) and severe FI (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.28 - 4.93) in a dose-response manner.
Ding et al. 2014	6577	representative; general population	USA	Cross-sectional	HbA1c	HFSSM	Marginally food insecure and food insecure men more likely to have undiagnosed pre-diabetes than food secure men when controlling for covariates (marginal FI OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.12 - 2.38; FI OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.28 - 3.49), but not among women.
Fitzgerald et al. 2011	201	convenience; Latina women	USA	Case-control	self-report of diagnosis of diabetes	HFSSM, short form	Individuals with FI more likely to have type 2 diabetes (OR 3.33, 95% CI 1.34 - 8.23).
Ford 2013	10,455	representative	USA	Cross-sectional	HbA1c, CRP, and cotinine; systolic BP, total cholesterol and HDL/LDL cholesterol	HFSSM	Severely FI adults had elevated HbA1c (p = 0.006), CRP (p = 0.02), and cotinine (p < 0.001), but not BP or cholesterol. Severely FI adults had increased predicted 10-year cardiovascular disease risk (adjusted prevalence ratio 2.38, 95% CI 1.31 - 4.31).
Galesloot et al. 2012	314	convenience; Canadian adults with diagnosed type 1 or 2 diabetes	Canada	Partially qualitative cross-sectional	previous diagnosis with diabetes mellitus and attending counseling sessions	HFSSM	Higher rate of FI among individuals with diabetes in active care than among a general population sample (p < 0.001).
Gucciardi et al. 2009	2523	representative; Canadians with diabetes	Canada	Cross-sectional	diabetes medication use, plus self-report of diagnoses from physicians of: diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and glaucoma	HFSSM	FI more prevalent among individuals with diabetes (9.3%, OR 8.2 - 10.4) versus without diabetes (6.8%, 95% CI 6.5 - 7.0), and associated with several indices of poor diabetes management, mental health problems, and poor quality of life.
Hanson and Olson 2012	225	representative; rural low-income adults	USA	longitudinal	being in the upper quartile of Chronic Health Conditions Index	HFSSM	Despite strong knowledge of community resources and usage of food aid programs, FI was common (occurring in 65% at some point over the 3-year study period). Enduring chronic health problems greatly increased the risk of persistent FI (OR 7.01, p < 0.01), and education beyond high school was the only factor protective against persistent FI (p < 0.05).