Study

Sample size

Sample type and composition

Location of study

Study design

Chronic disease measure

Food insecurity measure

Main result

Asaad and Chan 2012

16

convenience, elders 60+ with type 2 diabetes

Canada

Cross-sectional

dietary quality and dietary adherence, knowledge of appropriate diet

HFSSM, slightly adapted

No significant associations between FI and CD.

Azizi et al. 2014

260

convenience; all women, half with MetS

Iran

Case-control

Prior diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome based on the Adult Treatment Pane III

HFSSM

FI significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.9 - 5.6) (P < 0.05).

Bawadi et al. 2012

843

convenience; adults with type 2 diabetes

Jordan

Cross-sectional

HbA1c

HFSSM, short form

Moderate and severe FI associated with poor glycemic control (p = 0.04).

Berkowitz et al. 2013

2557

representative; adults with type 1 or 2 diabetes or diabetes meication use from NHANES

USA

Cross-sectional

HbA1c

HFSSM

FI associated with poor glycemic control (p < 0.001) and LDL control (p = 0.002) after controlling for covariates, but not with BP.

Bhargava et al. 2012

903

representative; elders in Georgia (no age specified)

USA

Cross-sectional

Comorbidities numeric count

HFSSM

FI and non-FI adults equally likely to have Medicare and out-of-pocket health expenditures (p = 0.40), but expenditures are lower for FI adults (p < 0.05).

Chan et al. 2015

21

convenience; adults with diagnosed type 1 or 2 diabetes who had experienced FI in previous year

Canada

qualitative cross-sectional

Self-reported diagnosis of type 1 or 2 diabetes by a healthcare professional

3 question instrument derived from HFSSM

People with diabetes report access and preparation barriers to diabetes-friendly foods and social isolation, but also resilience in the face of these challenges.

Chaufan, Davis, and Constantino 2011

21

convenience; Latino immigrants in Northern California

USA

partially qualitative cross-sectional

Self reported

Relying on food aid programs (y/n)

Participants identified type 2 diabetes as the greatest health problem in the community, but uniformly suffered from restricted access to healthy food.

Cheng et al. 2013

1733

convenience; people with type 2 diabetes

Kenya

Cross-sectional

HbA1c

HFIAS

High prevalence of FI (68%) among patients with diabetes in a rural, resource-constrained Western Kenyan setting.

Crews et al. 2014

10,365

representative; lower-income Americans

USA

Cross-sectional

non-fasting plasma glucose, systolic and diastolic BP, serum and urinary creatinine, urine albumin

HFSSM, slightly adapted

FI related to chronic kidney disease in a dose-response manner among people with type 2 diabetes (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.14 - 2.45) or hypertension (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.03 - 1.82).

Cuesta-Briand, Saggers, and McManus 2011

38

convenience; low-income Australians with type 2 diabetes

Australia

qualitative cross-sectional analysis

number of diabetes medications used

Qualitative complaints about dependence on others for food and the high cost of foods

Low-income earners living with diabetes faced food security and reported physical and cost barriers to following a diabetic diet, despite knowing that they should do so.