| Study | Sample size | Sample type and composition | Location of study | Study design | Chronic disease measure | Food insecurity measure | Main result |
| Asaad and Chan 2012 | 16 | convenience, elders 60+ with type 2 diabetes | Canada | Cross-sectional | dietary quality and dietary adherence, knowledge of appropriate diet | HFSSM, slightly adapted | No significant associations between FI and CD. |
| Azizi et al. 2014 | 260 | convenience; all women, half with MetS | Iran | Case-control | Prior diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome based on the Adult Treatment Pane III | HFSSM | FI significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.9 - 5.6) (P < 0.05). |
| Bawadi et al. 2012 | 843 | convenience; adults with type 2 diabetes | Jordan | Cross-sectional | HbA1c | HFSSM, short form | Moderate and severe FI associated with poor glycemic control (p = 0.04). |
| Berkowitz et al. 2013 | 2557 | representative; adults with type 1 or 2 diabetes or diabetes meication use from NHANES | USA | Cross-sectional | HbA1c | HFSSM | FI associated with poor glycemic control (p < 0.001) and LDL control (p = 0.002) after controlling for covariates, but not with BP. |
| Bhargava et al. 2012 | 903 | representative; elders in Georgia (no age specified) | USA | Cross-sectional | Comorbidities numeric count | HFSSM | FI and non-FI adults equally likely to have Medicare and out-of-pocket health expenditures (p = 0.40), but expenditures are lower for FI adults (p < 0.05). |
| Chan et al. 2015 | 21 | convenience; adults with diagnosed type 1 or 2 diabetes who had experienced FI in previous year | Canada | qualitative cross-sectional | Self-reported diagnosis of type 1 or 2 diabetes by a healthcare professional | 3 question instrument derived from HFSSM | People with diabetes report access and preparation barriers to diabetes-friendly foods and social isolation, but also resilience in the face of these challenges. |
| Chaufan, Davis, and Constantino 2011 | 21 | convenience; Latino immigrants in Northern California | USA | partially qualitative cross-sectional | Self reported | Relying on food aid programs (y/n) | Participants identified type 2 diabetes as the greatest health problem in the community, but uniformly suffered from restricted access to healthy food. |
| Cheng et al. 2013 | 1733 | convenience; people with type 2 diabetes | Kenya | Cross-sectional | HbA1c | HFIAS | High prevalence of FI (68%) among patients with diabetes in a rural, resource-constrained Western Kenyan setting. |
| Crews et al. 2014 | 10,365 | representative; lower-income Americans | USA | Cross-sectional | non-fasting plasma glucose, systolic and diastolic BP, serum and urinary creatinine, urine albumin | HFSSM, slightly adapted | FI related to chronic kidney disease in a dose-response manner among people with type 2 diabetes (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.14 - 2.45) or hypertension (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.03 - 1.82). |
| Cuesta-Briand, Saggers, and McManus 2011 | 38 | convenience; low-income Australians with type 2 diabetes | Australia | qualitative cross-sectional analysis | number of diabetes medications used | Qualitative complaints about dependence on others for food and the high cost of foods | Low-income earners living with diabetes faced food security and reported physical and cost barriers to following a diabetic diet, despite knowing that they should do so. |