Urinalysis

Prevalence (%)

Nsukka

Otukpo

Gboko

Kastina Ala

Overall

Blood

1 (1.7%)

4 (3.2%)

3 (4.3%)

3 (4.3%)

8 (1.6)

Urobilinogen

6 (3.3%)

3 (2.4%)

1 (1.4%)

1 (1.4%)

10 (2.0)

Bilirubin

14 (8.3%)

8 (6.4%)

7 (10%)

7 (10%)

33 (6.8)

Protein

59 (35%)

20 (16%)

22 (31.4%)

22 (31.4%)

111 (22.7)

Nitrite

14 (8.3%)

14 (11.2%)

1 (1.4%)

1 (1.4%)

36 (7.4)

Ketone

23 (13.3%)

1 (0.8%)

3 (4.3%)

3 (4.3%)

31 (6.4)

Ascorbic acid

42 (25%)

17 (13.6%)

20 (28.6%)

20 (28.6%)

86 (17.6)

Glucose

1 (1.7%)

6 (4.8%)

11 (15.7%)

11 (15.7%)

22 (4.5)

pH

Acidic

138 (81.7%)

84 (67.2%)

25 (35.7%)

25 (35.7%)

292 (59.8)

Neutral

62 (36.7%)

34 (27.2%)

22 (31.4%)

22 (31.4%)

142 (29.1)

Alkaline

23 (13.3%)

7 (5.6%)

22 (31.4%)

22 (31.4%)

53 (10.9)

N = 223

N = 126

N = 70

N = 70

N = 489