Constant Rate Pumping:

Constant rate pumping involves the pumping of freshwater into the aquifer at a constant rate to maintain the pressure gradient that prevents saltwater from entering the aquifer (Naderi & Gupta, 2020) .

Variable Rate Pumping:

Variable rate pumping involves the pumping of freshwater into the aquifer at varying rates to maintain the pressure gradient that prevents saltwater from entering the aquifer (EPA, 2023; Naderi & Gupta, 2020) . Variable rate pumping is more effective than constant rate pumping in areas with changing hydrological conditions (Yuan et al., 2022) .

Reverse Osmosis:

Reverse osmosis is a water treatment process that involves the removal of salt and other impurities from water (EPA, 2023; Naderi & Gupta, 2020; Peters et al., 2022) . It is an effective technique for producing freshwater from saltwater.